Phosphoryl transfer plays key roles in signaling, energy transduction, protein synthesis, and
maintaining the integrity of the genetic material. On the surface, it would appear to be a …

Directly observing individual protein molecules in action at high spatiotemporal resolution
has long been a holy grail for biological science. This is because we long have had to infer …

F1 is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–driven motor in which three torque-generating β
subunits in the α3β3 stator ring sequentially undergo conformational changes upon ATP …

In the history of science and technology, researchers have always undertaken endeavors to
enhance the degree of “directness of measurement”. With “directness of measurement”, we …

In Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tripartite
multidrug efflux systems extrude cytotoxic substances from the cell directly into the medium …

Two mechanisms have been proposed for the function of motor proteins: The power stroke
and the Brownian ratchet. The former refers to generation of a large downhill free energy …

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal fuel of the cell, is synthesized from adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by'ATP synthase'(FOF1-ATPase). During …

F1-ATPase is a nanosized biological energy transducer working as part of FoF1-ATP
synthase. Its rotary machinery transduces energy between chemical free energy and …

The F-ATP synthase, consisting of F1 and FO motors connected by a central rotor and the
stators, is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing the majority of ATP in all organisms. The …

The rotary ATPase family of membrane protein complexes may have only three members,
but each one plays a fundamental role in biological energy conversion. The F1Fo-ATPase (F …