As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones
play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones …

Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and
temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all
eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the …

Salinity is detrimental to plant growth, crop production and food security worldwide. Excess
salt triggers increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, which activate Ca2+-binding proteins …

Plants tailor their metabolism to environmental conditions, in part through the recognition of
a wide array of self and non-self molecules. In particular, the perception of microbial or plant …

As fixed organisms, plants are especially affected by changes in their environment and have
consequently evolved extensive mechanisms for acclimation and adaptation. Initially …

Diverse molecular processes regulate the interactions between plants and insect
herbivores. Here, we review genes and proteins that are involved in plant–herbivore …

Abstract The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal signal in all eukaryotic cells. A fundamental
question is how Ca2+, a simple cation, encodes complex information with high specificity …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium (Ca2+) signalling are interconnected in the
perception and transmission of environmental signals that control plant growth, development …

Stomata, the pores formed by a pair of guard cells, are the main gateways for water
transpiration and photosynthetic CO2 exchange, as well as pathogen invasion in land …