Fungi and bacteria are found living together in a wide variety of environments. Their
interactions are significant drivers of many ecosystem functions and are important for the …

BACKGROUND Pathogens cause agricultural devastation and huge economic losses. Up to
30% of our crops are lost before or after harvest to pathogens and pests, wasting water and …

Plants and pathogens constantly adapt to each other. As a consequence, many members of
the plant immune system, and especially the intracellular nucleotide-binding site leucine …

Bacteria use a wide range of immune pathways to counter phage infection. A subset of these
genes shares homology with components of eukaryotic immune systems, suggesting that …

The sessile nature of plants forced them to evolve mechanisms to prioritize their responses
to simultaneous stresses, including colonization by microbes or nutrient starvation. Here, we …

A protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs
mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of …

Accessory genes are variably present among members of a species and are a reservoir of
adaptive functions. In bacteria, differences in gene distributions among individuals largely …

Filamentous fungi arrange their cells in linear, coenocytic arrays, referred to as hyphae, that
extend at their tips and are able to branch and fuse, leading to a loose, three-dimensional …

Many organisms have evolved specialized immune pattern-recognition receptors, including
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–like receptors (NLRs) of the STAND superfamily …

Most known examples of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between eukaryotes are ancient.
These events are identified primarily using phylogenetic methods on coding regions alone …