Grade retention has been the focus of the education debate in Spain for decades. On
average, more than 30% of students have repeated at least one grade before they finish (or …

Grade retention is still common practice in some countries though longstanding experience
tells us that it is a highly criticised practice for its unclear benefits, its important costs for the …

Purpose The teacher role in the classroom can explain important aspects of the student's
school experience. The teacher-student relationship, a central dimension of social capital …

Students born in the days before the school-entry cutoff date are one year younger at school
entry than their counterparts born in the days following the cutoff, which causes an …

In countries with a school-entry cutoff date, individuals born right after the cutoff are almost 1
year older than individuals in the same school cohort born right before that date. Abundant …

El Efecto Relativo de la Edad (RAE) se refiere a la variabilidad en el potencial cognitivo y
biológico, que aparece entre individuos agrupados por su edad cronológica y que provoca …

Early school leaving (ESL) is considered one of the most serious problems in the functioning
of European education systems. In particular, Spain has traditionally exhibited one of the …

Parents have the option of enrolling their children in the first stage of early childhood
education (from 0 to 3 years of age). However, not all parents decide to do so, waiting until …

Numerosos trabajos de investigación han reivindicado la relevancia que la madurez del
alumnado puede tener en su rendimiento académico pero, a pesar de esta importancia …

This paper provides evidence on the differences among Spanish regions, regardless of
other factors, in student achievement–in Language, Mathematics, Science and Citizenship …