The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

The modification of eukaryotic proteins by isoprenoid lipids, which is known as prenylation,
controls the localization and activity of a range of proteins that have crucial functions in …

Protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, together referred to as prenylation, are lipid
post-translational modifications that are required for the transforming activity of many …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling pathways involved in
the regulation of normal cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Aberrant regulation of …

Although the roots of Ras sprouted from the rich history of retrovirus research, it was the
discovery of mutationally activated RAS genes in human cancer in 1982 that stimulated an …

RAS proteins are monomeric GTPases that act as binary molecular switches to regulate a
wide range of cellular processes. The exchange of GTP for GDP on RAS is regulated by …

Extensive research on the Ras proteins and their functions in cell physiology over the past
30 years has led to numerous insights that have revealed the involvement of Ras not only in …

Post-translational modifications (PTM) involve enzyme-mediated covalent addition of
functional groups to proteins during or after synthesis. These modifications greatly increase …

Ras genes are frequently activated in cancer. Attempts to develop drugs that target mutant
Ras proteins have, so far, been unsuccessful. Tumors bearing these mutations, therefore …

The involvement of the RAS superfamily of monomeric GTPases in carcinogenesis is
increasingly being appreciated. A complex array of post-translational modifications and a …