Women are at twice the risk for anxiety and depression disorders as men are, although the
underlying biological factors and mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we …

Anxiety disorders are more prevalent in women than in men. In women the menstrual cycle
introduces another variable; indeed, some conditions eg, premenstrual syndrome, are …

Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of
anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models …

Psychiatric disorders are characterized by sex differences in their prevalence,
symptomatology and treatment response. Animal models have been widely employed for …

Sex differences are found across brain regions, behaviors, and brain diseases. Sexual
differentiation of the brain is initiated prenatally but it continues throughout life, as a result of …

Female animals in biomedical research have traditionally been excluded from research
studies due to the perceived added complexity caused by the estrus cycle. However, given …

There are clear sex differences in incidence and onset of stress-related and other psychiatric
disorders in humans. Yet, rodent models for psychiatric disorders are predominantly based …

Healthy mother–infant interactions are critical for the physical, cognitive, and psychological
development of offspring. Such interactions rely on numerous factors, including a positive …

The activity of neurons in the rodent hippocampus contributes to diverse behaviors, with the
activity of ventral hippocampal neurons affecting behaviors related to anxiety and emotion …

Early-life serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] signaling modulates brain development,
which impacts adult behavior, but 5-HT-sensitive periods, neural substrates, and behavioral …