The purpose of immunology is simple. Cure or prevent disease. M1/M2 is useful because it
is simple. M1/M2 describes the two major and opposing activities of macrophages. M1 …

DNA is a polymeric macromolecule whose biological activities depend on location as well
as binding to associated molecules. Inside the cell, DNA is the source of genetic information …

Efficient delivery of small interfering (si) RNA to specific cell populations in vivo remains a
formidable challenge to its successful therapeutic application. We show that siRNA …

Attaining the full therapeutic utility of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides will require
understanding of the biological barriers that stand between initial administration of these …

Atopic asthma is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease characterised by recurrent
episodes of wheezy, laboured breathing with an underlying Th2 cell-mediated inflammatory …

We hypothesize that innate immune signals from infectious organisms and/or injured tissues
may activate peripheral neuronal pain signals. In this study, we demonstrated that TLRs 3, 7 …

Nanomaterials are often used as immunomodulators because they can be tailored by a
controllable process. In this work, a complex based on a tetrahedral framework nucleic acid …

Recognition of microbial components is critical for activation of TLRs, subsequent innate
immune signaling, and directing adaptive immune responses. The DNA sensor TLR9 traffics …

In the absence of infection, the pathophysiology of endotracheal tube-induced sore throat
pain is unclear. Activated neutrophils release elastase, reactive oxygen species, and …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for initiation of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
TLR ligands combine with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on the DC surface and …