Tumour progression is dependent on the interaction between tumour cells and cells of the
surrounding microenvironment. The tumour is a dynamic milieu consisting of various cell …

Metastases arise from residual disseminated tumour cells (DTCs). This can happen years
after primary tumour treatment because residual tumour cells can enter dormancy and …

During the past ten years, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have received enormous attention
as new biomarkers and the subject of basic research. Although CTCs are already used in …

Accumulating lines of experimental evidence have revealed that hypoxia‐inducible factors,
HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α, are key regulators of the adaptation of cancer‐and metastasis‐initiating …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which comprise a small fraction of cancer cells, are believed to
constitute the origin of most human tumors. Considerable effort has been focused on …

Decades of cancer research have unraveled genetic, epigenetic and molecular pathways
leading to plausible therapeutic targets; many of which hold great promise in improving …

Disseminated prostate cancer (PCa) cells in the marrow survive for years without evidence
of proliferation, while maintaining the capacity to develop into metastatic lesions. These …

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of death for men worldwide. Most PCa patients die
from metastasis and bone is the most common metastatic site. Three dimensional (3D) …

The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 governs essential functions of
epithelial and hematopoietic cells that are often dysregulated in cancer. While the role for …

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common cancer in men that is curable prior to metastasis, when
its prognosis worsens. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is found in the extracellular matrix of normal …