The primary female sex hormones, estrogens, are responsible for the control of functions of
the female reproductive system, as well as the development of secondary sexual …

The vascular endothelium is a dynamic, functionally complex organ, modulating multiple
biological processes, including vascular tone and permeability, inflammatory responses …

Since chronic inflammation can be seen in severe, long-lasting diseases such as cancer,
there is a high demand for effective methods to modulate inflammatory responses. Among …

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) has been recognized now for several decades as playing a
key role in reproduction and exerting functions in numerous nonreproductive tissues. In this …

By eliciting distinct transcriptional responses, the oestrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ
exert opposite effects on cellular processes that include proliferation, apoptosis and …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and cognition”. Over the past 30 years,
research has demonstrated that estrogens not only are important for female reproduction …

Estrogens and estrogen-like molecules can modify the biology of several cell types.
Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) belong to the so-called classical family of …

Estrogen receptors (ERs) act by regulating transcriptional processes. The classical
mechanism of ER action involves estrogen binding to receptors in the nucleus, after which …

Estrogen is a potent steroid with pleiotropic effects, which have yet to be fully elucidated.
Estrogen has both nuclear and non-nuclear effects. The rapid response to estrogen, which …

Steroid hormones modulate many physiological processes. The effects of steroids that are
mediated by the modulation of gene expression are known to occur with a time lag of hours …