Background: Indonesia still faces several challenges concerning the control of neglected
tropical diseases (NTDs). Leprosy is one of the bacterial infectious NTDs caused by …

Innate immunity is a host immune mechanism to defend itself promptly. It includes physical
and chemical barriers, cells in the circulation and tissues, several plasma proteins, and …

Introduction: Classical music has beneficial effects on heart rate variability and also reduces
one's stress levels due to parasympathetic dominance. Mozart's classical music was shown …

Macrophages respond against Mycobacterium leprae infection through interacting with
vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR). There has been no study analyzing the association …

Background: Stigma is one of many problems that hinders leprosy prevention efforts.
Perceived stigma refers to the perceptions and subjective awareness of leprosy patients …

Xerosis in leprosy patients may result from defects in sweat gland function. Red watermelon
(Citrullus lanatus) seed oil a lot of contains linoleic acid, which can hydrate the skin and …

Background: Cathelicidine and 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 play an important role in the
condition of Morbus Hansen (MH) infection. Cathelicidine is an antimicrobial peptide that …

Background: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
Current therapeutic regimen, like the multidrug therapy (MDT), are effective in treating most …

Background: One problem that hinders leprosy prevention efforts is the existence of stigma.
Perceived stigma refers to the perceptions and subjective awareness of lepers of what the …

Background: Leprosy is strongly influenced by the host immunity response. One of the
cytokines that play a role in cellular immunity is IL-2. IL-2 will stimulate macrophages to …