Stroke represents a severe medical condition that causes stroke survivors to suffer from long-
term and even lifelong disability. Over the past several decades, a vast majority of stroke …

Spinal cord injuries remain a critical issue in experimental and clinical research nowadays,
and it is now well accepted that the immune response and subsequent inflammatory …

Background Inflammation is a key contributor to central nervous system (CNS) injury such as
stroke, and is a major target for therapeutic intervention. Effective treatments for CNS injuries …

The discovery of the gut–brain axis has proven that brain functions can be affected by the
gut microbiota's metabolites, so there are significant opportunities to explore new tools to …

Although traditionally seen as regulators of hematopoiesis, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
have emerged as important players in the nervous system, both in health and disease. This …

Background and Purpose—In aged humans, stroke is a major cause of disability for which
no neuroprotective measures are available. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) …

Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in tumor
initiation and progression. A cancer stem cell (CSC)-like subpopulation in neuroblastoma is …

Cocaine addiction is characterized by dysfunction in reward-related brain circuits, leading to
maladaptive motivation to seek and take the drug. There are currently no clinically available …

Systemic inflammation shifts the brain microenvironment towards a proinflammatory state.
However, how peripheral inflammation mediates changes in the brain remains to be …

The hematopoietic growth factor granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has a role in
proliferation, differentiation and migration of the myeloid lineage and in mobilizing …