Caudal autotomy, the ability to shed the tail, is common in lizards as a response to attempted
predation. Since Arnold's substantial review of caudal autotomy as a defence in reptiles 20 …

Animals rarely move through their natural habitat without experiencing an environmental
perturbation, such as an obstacle or drop in height. However, rapid perturbations due to …

1. Mathematical models suggest that'costs of reproduction'(decrements in an organism's
probable future reproductive output due to investing in current reproduction) are major …

Age and size at maturity are pivotal life-history traits through their effects on other key traits,
such as annual and lifetime fecundity. We used skeletochronology to investigate the …

Summary 1 Understanding individual and population responses to climate change is
emerging as an important challenge. Because many phenotypic traits are sensitive to …

The timing of birth is often correlated with offspring fitness in animals, but experimental
studies that disentangle direct effects of parturition date and indirect effects mediated via …

1. Tail loss has repeatedly been associated with the impairment of locomotor performance in
lizards. However, although the immediate impact of tail loss may be severe, most previous …

Life-history theory seeks to explain patterns of variation between species or populations of
the same species. Studies of squamates in general, and lizards in particular, have assumed …

Reproductive activities can impose fitness costs as well as benefits. In most anuran species,
males clasp females for prolonged periods prior to gamete release, and intuition suggests …

Trade‐offs between reproduction, growth and survival arise from limited resource availability
in plants. Environmental stress is expected to exacerbate these negative correlations, but no …