Hemorrhagic fevers caused by viruses were identified in the late 1950s in South America.
These viruses have existed in their hosts, the New World rodents, for millions of years. Their …

Hemorrhagic fevers (HF) resulting from pathogenic arenaviral infections have traditionally
been neglected as tropical diseases primarily affecting African and South American regions …

Summary The 2013–2015 West African epidemic of Ebola virus disease (EVD) reminds us
of how little is known about biosafety level 4 viruses. Like Ebola virus, Lassa virus (LASV) …

Segmentation of viral genomes allows exchange of intact genes between related viruses
when they coinfect the same cell (Fig 1). This exchange is a type of recombination called …

Viral infections lead to alarmin release and elicit potent cytotoxic effector T lymphocyte
(CTLeff) responses. Conversely, the induction of protective tumour-specific CTLeff and their …

Abstract Hantaviruses (order Bunyavirales, family Hantaviridae), known as important
zoonotic human pathogens, possess the capacity to exchange genome segments via …

Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) is a transmissible viral disease of captive snakes that
causes severe losses in snake collections worldwide. It is caused by reptarenavirus …

The family Arenaviridae comprises three genera, Mammarenavirus, Reptarenavirus and the
most recently added Hartmanivirus. Arenaviruses have a bisegmented genome with …

Inclusion body disease (IBD) is an infectious disease originally described in captive snakes.
It has traditionally been diagnosed by the presence of large eosinophilic cytoplasmic …

Background Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO) is a common and life‐
threatening neuroinflammatory disease in dogs. Features of the disease are suggestive of …