Abstract The Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) was a climate shift from a largely ice-free
greenhouse world to an icehouse climate, involving the first major glaciation of Antarctica …

Arctic sea-ice extent and volume are declining rapidly. Several studies project that the Arctic
Ocean may become seasonally ice-free by the year 2040 or even earlier. Putting this into …

Marine provinces, founded on contrasting floras or faunas, have been recognized for more
than 150 years but were not consistently defined by endemism until 1974. At that time …

Since the recognition in the mid-19th century that glaciers had been considerably more
extensive than at present, the Quaternary (Pleistocene and Holocene series) has been …

The early Eocene" equable climate problem", ie warm extratropical annual mean and above-
freezing winter temperatures evidenced by proxy records, has remained as one of the great …

Understanding the evolution of Arctic polar climate from the protracted warmth of the middle
Pliocene into the earliest glacial cycles in the Northern Hemisphere has been hindered by …

Many over‐wintering plants, through vernalization, overcome a block to flowering and thus
acquire competence to flower in the following spring after experiencing prolonged cold …

In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere—carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—reached new record highs. The annual global …

Flowering plants initially diversified during the Mesozoic era at least 140 million years ago in
regions of the world where temperate seasonal environments were not encountered. Since …

Temperatures in the Arctic have increased by an astounding 1° C in response to
anthropogenic forcing over the past 20 years and are expected to rise further in the coming …