Toxin–antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed
of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that …

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids and integrative and conjugative
elements (ICEs), are main drivers for the spread of antibiotic resistance (AR). Coevolution …

Bacteria‐induced epidemics and infectious diseases are seriously threatening the health of
people around the world. In addition, antibiotic therapy has been inducing increasingly more …

Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are widespread mobile DNA that transmit both
vertically, in a host-integrated state, and horizontally, through excision and transfer to new …

Background The prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin systems (TAS, also referred to as TA loci) are
widespread, mobile two-gene modules that can be viewed as selfish genetic elements …

Abstract TADB 3.0 (https://bioinfo-mml. sjtu. edu. cn/TADB3/) is an updated database that
provides comprehensive information on bacterial types I to VIII toxin–antitoxin (TA) loci …

Toxin-antitoxin systems are very commonly found both on large, low-copy plasmids, where
they increase effective stability (35), and on bacterial chromosomes, where their function has …

SXT is an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) that confers resistance to multiple
antibiotics upon many clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae. In most cells, this∼ 100 Kb …

Plasmids of incompatibility group A/C (IncA/C) are becoming increasingly prevalent within
pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. They are associated with the dissemination of multiple …

Abstract The World Health Organization has declared the emergence of antibiotic resistance
to be a global threat to human health. Broad-host-range plasmids have a key role in causing …