Nicotine stimulates the dopamine (DA) system, which is essential for its rewarding effect.
Nicotine is also aversive at high doses; yet, our knowledge about nicotine's dose-dependent …

Summary One-carbon (1C) units for purine and thymidine synthesis can be generated from
serine by cytosolic or mitochondrial folate metabolism. The mitochondrial 1C pathway is …

Sleep disturbances are strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases. Baroreflex, a
basic cardiovascular regulation mechanism, is modulated by sleep-wake states. Here, we …

Coordinated activity-induced transcriptional changes across multiple neuron subtypes of the
prefrontal cortex (PFC) play a pivotal role in encoding and regulating major cognitive …

G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels are regulators of neuronal
excitability in the brain. Knockout mice lacking GIRK channels display altered behavioral …

Small molecule neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1) agonists have been pursued for more than
40 years as potential therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, including drug addiction. Clinical …

First described in 2003, the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique,
combined with 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), has since been used in …

Opioid use disorder is a serious public health issue in the United States. Animal models of
opioid dependence are fundamental for studying the etiology of addictive behaviors. We …

Background and Purpose Acute activation of κ opioid (KOP) receptors results in anticocaine‐
like effects, but adverse effects, such as dysphoria, aversion, sedation and depression, limit …

Women acquire cocaine habits faster and are more motivated to obtain drug than men. In
general, female rodents acquire intravenous cocaine self-administration (SA) faster and …