Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response and is characterized
by long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. This concept originated in …

Pneumonia and its sequelae, acute lung injury, present unique challenges for pulmonary
and critical care healthcare professionals, and these challenges have recently garnered …

Viral infections of the lower respiratory tract are a leading cause of mortality. Mounting
evidence indicates that most severe cases are characterized by aberrant immune responses …

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterised by acute decompensation
of chronic liver disease associated with organ failures and high short-term mortality. Alcohol …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress immune responses to a broad range of non-microbial
and microbial antigens and indirectly limit immune inflammation-inflicted tissue damage by …

Acute infections are associated with a set of stereotypic behavioral responses, including
anorexia, lethargy, and social withdrawal. Although these so-called sickness behaviors are …

Macrophages are present in all tissues, either as resident cells or monocyte-derived cells
that infiltrate into tissues. The tissue site largely determines the phenotype of tissue-resident …

In the initiation of innate immune responses against pathogens, pattern-recognition
receptors (PRRs) have an essential role in recognizing specific components of …

Type 2 inflammatory responses can be elicited by diverse stimuli, including toxins, venoms,
allergens, and infectious agents, and play critical roles in resistance and tolerance …

The influenza viruses are some of the most important human pathogens, causing substantial
seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. In humans, infection of the lower respiratory …