The disks that orbit young stars are the essential conduits and reservoirs of material for star
and planet formation. Their structures, meaning the spatial variations of the disk physical …

Planets form and obtain their compositions in disks of gas and dust around young stars. The
chemical compositions of these planet-forming disks regulate all aspects of planetary …

Planets form and obtain their compositions in dust-and gas-rich disks around young stars,
and the outcome of this process is intimately linked to the disk chemical properties. The …

Context. Water is a key molecule in the physics and chemistry of star and planet formation,
but it is difficult to observe from Earth. The Herschel Space Observatory provided …

Planets form in disks of gas and dust around young stars. The disk molecular reservoirs and
their chemical evolution affect all aspects of planet formation, from the coagulation of dust …

We present the first kinematical detection of embedded protoplanets within a protoplanetary
disk. Using archival Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) observations of HD 163296, we …

The Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) Large Program provides a
detailed, high-resolution (∼ 10–20 au) view of molecular line emission in five protoplanetary …

The gas-phase CO abundance (relative to hydrogen) in protoplanetary disks decreases by
up to two orders of magnitude from its interstellar medium value of∼ 10− 4, even after …

The σ Orionis cluster is important for studying protoplanetary disk evolution, as its
intermediate age (∼ 3–5 Myr) is comparable to the median disk lifetime. We use ALMA to …

Turbulence is a crucial factor in many models of planet formation, but it has only been
directly constrained among a small number of planet-forming disks. Building on the upper …