Physiological energy expenditure measurement has proven to be a reliable method of
quantitatively assessing the penalties imposed by gait disability. The purpose of this review …

In pursuit of optimal performance, athletes and physical exercisers alike have to make
decisions about how and when to invest their energy. The process of pacing has been …

The costs of walking (Cw) and running (Cr) were measured on 10 runners on a treadmill
inclined between− 0.45 to+ 0.45 at different speeds. The minimum Cw was 1.64±0.50 J· kg …

A running animal coordinates the actions of many muscles, tendons, and ligaments in its leg
so that the overall leg behaves like a single mechanical spring during ground contact …

Walking and running, the two basic gaits used by man, are very complex movements. They
can, however, be described using two simple models: an inverted pendulum and a spring …

Human runners adjust the stiffness of their stance leg to accommodate surface stiffness
during steady state running. This adjustment allows runners to maintain similar center of …

Moving about in nature often involves walking or running on a soft yielding substratum such
as sand, which has a profound effect on the mechanics and energetics of locomotion. Force …

Walking on uneven terrain is more energetically costly than walking on smooth ground, but
the biomechanical factors that contribute to this increase are unknown. To identify possible …

During running, the behaviour of the support leg was studied by modelling the runner using
an oscillating system composed of a spring (the leg) and of a mass (the body mass). This …

The need to move over uneven terrain is a daily challenge. In order to face unexpected
perturbations due to changes in the morphology of the terrain, the central nervous system …