Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) survey intra-and extracellular spaces for pathogen-
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within microbial products of infection. Recognition …

Type I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines well recognized for their role in the
induction of a potent antiviral gene program essential for host defense against viruses. They …

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease with strong neutrophil (PMN) infiltration and high
levels of the antimicrobial peptide, LL37. LL37 in complex with DNA and RNA is thought to …

Innate pattern recognition receptor agonists, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), alter the
tumor microenvironment and prime adaptive antitumor immunity. However, TLR agonists …

Human blood CD14+ monocytes are bone marrow–derived white blood cells that sense and
respond to pathogens. Although innate immune activation by RNA viruses preferentially …

Human toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) activation induces a potent T helper-1 (Th1) cell response
critical for defense against intracellular pathogens, including protozoa. The receptor harbors …

Macrophages play an essential role in the immune system by ingesting and degrading
invading pathogens, initiating an inflammatory response and instructing adaptive immune …

The need for new adjuvants is absolutely cardinal to the development of new vaccines and
to further optimizing current immunization approaches. However, only a few classes of …

Self/foreign discrimination by the innate immune system depends on receptors that identify
molecular patterns as associated to pathogens. Among others, this group includes …

Live attenuated vaccines are generally highly efficacious and often superior to inactivated
vaccines, yet the underlying mechanisms of this remain largely unclear. Here we identify …