The insulin receptor (IR) gene undergoes differential splicing that generates two IR isoforms,
IR-A and IR-B. The physiological roles of IR isoforms are incompletely understood and …

Abstract Knowledge gained over the past 10 years about the mechanisms that underpin
autophagy has provided a universal framework for studies of diverse physiological and …

Autophagy is a homeostatic process involved in the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic
components, including damaged organelles and proteins. In both genetic and dietary …

The extensive membrane network of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is physically
juxtaposed to and functionally entwined with essentially all other cellular compartments …

abstract Context: Autophagy is a housekeeping mechanism, involved in metabolic
regulation and stress response, shown recently to regulate lipid droplets …

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a known outcome of
hepatosteatosis. Free fatty acids (FFA) induce the unfolded protein response (UPR) or …

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is the taurine conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid
(UDCA), a US Food and Drug Administration—approved hydrophilic bile acid for the …

Insulin receptor (INSR) has been extensively studied in the area of cell proliferation and
energy metabolism. Impaired INSR activities lead to insulin resistance, the key factor in the …

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is strongly linked to obesity and an adipose tissue
unresponsive to insulin. The insulin resistance is due to defective insulin signaling, but …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and vice versa, and a growing
body of evidence indicates that these diseases are connected both at epidemiological …