Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly in newborn
babies. Cardiac malformations have been produced in multiple experimental animal …

▪ Abstract TGFß signals belonging to the Nodal family set up the embryonic axes, induce
mesoderm and endoderm, pattern the nervous system, and determine left-right asymmetry in …

Genetic analyses in Drosophila have demonstrated that the multipass membrane protein
Smoothened (Smo) is essential for all Hedgehog signaling. We show that Smo acts epistatic …

The generation of morphological, such as left–right, asymmetry during development is an
integral part of the establishment of a body plan. Until recently, the molecular basis of left …

Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the
anterior–posterior and dorsal–ventral axes has been increasingly well characterized, the left …

Cilia and flagella appeared very early in evolution to provide unicellular organisms with
motility in water. Adaptation to non-aquatic life in plants resulted in the almost complete …

We have identified and characterized a new zebrafish gene, southpaw, that is required for
visceral and diencephalic left-right asymmetry. southpaw encodes a new member of the …

A pharmacological screen identified the H+ and K+ ATPase transporter as obligatory for
normal orientation of the left-right body axis in Xenopus. Maternal H+/K+-ATPase mRNA is …

Generation of laterality depends on a pathway which involves the asymmetrically expressed
genes nodal, Ebaf, Leftb, and Pitx2 [1–3]. In mouse, node monocilia are required upstream …

Background—Pitx2 is a homeobox transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in early
left/right determination during embryonic development. Pitx2 loss-of-function mouse mutants …