Environmental stimuli and objects, including rewards, are often processed sequentially in
the brain. Recent work suggests that the phasic dopamine reward prediction-error response …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

The dopamine projection from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) is
critical for motivation to work for rewards and reward-driven learning. How dopamine …

INTRODUCTION Neuromodulators, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin, exert
powerful control over neural circuit dynamics that give rise to diverse neural function and …

Significant evidence supports the view that dopamine shapes learning by encoding reward
prediction errors. However, it is unknown whether striatal targets receive tailored dopamine …

A large body of evidence has indicated that the phasic responses of midbrain dopamine
neurons show a remarkable similarity to a type of teaching signal (temporal difference (TD) …

Dopaminergic projection axons from the midbrain to the striatum are crucial for motor
control, as their degeneration in Parkinson disease results in profound movement deficits …

Reward prediction errors consist of the differences between received and predicted rewards.
They are crucial for basic forms of learning about rewards and make us strive for more …

The number of papers about the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has grown from 1 per month in
1987 to a current rate of over 50 per month. This publication stream has implicated the OFC …

Striatal dopamine drives associative learning by acting as a teaching signal. Much work has
focused on simple learning paradigms, including Pavlovian and instrumental learning …