Several environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic factors, adversely affect the
growth and development of crops, thereby lowering their yield. However, abiotic factors, eg …

In the natural environment, plants are often bombarded by a combination of abiotic (such as
drought, salt, heat or cold) and biotic (necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens) stresses …

Pathogen-or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) are detected as
nonself by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activate pattern-triggered immunity …

Cell membranes are the initial site of stimulus perception from environment and
phospholipids are the basic and important components of cell membranes. Phospholipases …

Fatty acids and lipids, which are major and essential constituents of all plant cells, not only
provide structural integrity and energy for various metabolic processes but can also function …

Abstract Phospholipases D (PLD) and C (PLC) hydrolyze the phosphodiesteric linkages of
the head group of membrane phospholipids. PLDs and PLCs in plants occur in different …

The plasma membrane (PM) is the biological membrane that separates the interior of all
cells from the outside. The PM is constituted of a huge diversity of proteins and lipids. In this …

Plants integrate activities throughout their bodies using long-range signaling systems in
which stimuli sensed by just a few cells are translated into mobile signals that can influence …

Lipids are the major constituents of biological membranes that can sense extracellular
conditions. Lipid‐mediated signaling occurs in response to various environmental stresses …

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important lipid essential for several aspects of plant
development and biotic and abiotic stress responses. We previously suggested that …