Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota are associated with many human
diseases. So far, however, we have failed to define homeostasis or dysbiosis by the …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects 6.8 million people globally. A variety of factors
have been implicated in IBD pathogenesis, including host genetics, immune dysregulation …

Bacteria from the Turicibacter genus are prominent members of the mammalian gut
microbiota and correlate with alterations in dietary fat and body weight, but the specific …

Over the last decade, our appreciation for the contribution of resident gut microorganisms—
the gut microbiota—to human health has surged. However, progress is limited by the sheer …

The complex carbohydrates of terrestrial and marine biomass represent a rich nutrient
source for free-living and mutualistic microbes alike. The enzymatic saccharification of these …

Carbohydrates comprise a large fraction of the typical diet, yet humans are only able to
directly process some types of starch and simple sugars. The remainder transits the large …

The mammalian gut harbors a vast community of microorganisms—termed the microbiota—
whose composition and dynamics are considered to be critical drivers of host health. These …

Development of microbiota-directed foods (MDFs) that selectively increase the abundance
of beneficial human gut microbes, and their expressed functions, requires knowledge of both …

Gut bacteria exert beneficial and harmful effects in metabolic diseases as deduced from the
comparison of germfree and conventional mice and from fecal transplantation studies …

Switching from a low-fat and high-fiber diet to a Western-style high-fat and high-sugar diet
causes microbiota imbalances that underlay many pathological conditions (ie, dysbiosis) …