Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a highly prevalent but severely under-treated disorder, with
only three widely-approved pharmacotherapies. Given that AUD is a very heterogeneous …

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) integrate complex
inputs to encode multiple signals that influence motivated behaviors via diverse projections …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

The development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) involves binge or heavy drinking to high
levels of intoxication that leads to compulsive intake, the loss of control in limiting intake, and …

The ventral pallidum (VP) plays a critical role in the processing and execution of motivated
behaviors. Yet this brain region is often overlooked in published discussions of the …

What we eat, when and how much, all are influenced by brain reward mechanisms that
generate “liking” and “wanting” for foods. As a corollary, dysfunction in reward circuits might …

Many of the brain's reward systems converge on the nucleus accumbens, a region richly
innervated by excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory afferents representing the circuitry …

The neural circuitry that mediates mood under normal and abnormal conditions remains
incompletely understood. Most attention in the field has focused on hippocampal and frontal …

Histamine is a transmitter in the nervous system and a signaling molecule in the gut, the
skin, and the immune system. Histaminergic neurons in mammalian brain are located …