Here we argue functional neuroanatomy for posture-gait control. Multi-sensory information
such as somatosensory, visual and vestibular sensation act on various areas of the brain so …

Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and
mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has long been considered an interface between the
basal ganglia and motor systems, and its ability to regulate arousal states puts the PPN in a …

Aging is a complex biological process that increases the risk of age-related cognitive
degenerative diseases such as dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy Body …

The basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS) has long been implicated in age-related
cognitive changes and the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Limitations of …

Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) receive cholinergic innervation from
brainstem structures that are associated with either movement or reward. Whereas …

Despite recent advances in understanding the causes of epilepsy, especially the genetic,
comprehending the biological mechanisms that lead to the epileptic phenotype remains …

Gait is one of the keys to functional independence. For a long-time, walking was considered
an automatic process involving minimal higher-level cognitive input. Indeed, walking does …

Key points Reciprocally connected GABAergic external globus pallidus (GPe) and
glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons form a key network within the basal …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is diagnosed by its cardinal motor symptoms that are associated
with the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). However …