Rice paddies supply half the global population with staple food, but also account for~ 48% of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from croplands. In this Review, we outline the …

The global sediment cycle is a fundamental feature of the Earth system, balancing
competing factors such as orogeny, physical–chemical erosion and human action. In this …

Tidal wetlands are expected to respond dynamically to global environmental change, but the
extent to which wetland losses have been offset by gains remains poorly understood. We …

Disastrous floods have caused millions of fatalities in the twentieth century, tens of billions of
dollars of direct economic loss each year and serious disruption to global trade. In this …

Climate-induced sea-level rise and vertical land movements, including natural and human-
induced subsidence in sedimentary coastal lowlands, combine to change relative sea levels …

Subsidence, the lowering of Earth's land surface, is a potentially destructive hazard that can
be caused by a wide range of natural or anthropogenic triggers but mainly results from solid …

Background Climate change is one of the great challenges of our time. The consequences
of climate change on exposed biological subjects, as well as on vulnerable societies, are a …

Climate extremes threaten human health, economic stability, and the well-being of natural
and built environments (eg, 2003 European heat wave). As the world continues to warm …

Free-flowing rivers (FFRs) support diverse, complex and dynamic ecosystems globally,
providing important societal and economic services. Infrastructure development threatens …

The world's big rivers and their floodplains were central to development of civilization and
are now home to c. 2.7 billion people. They are economically vital whilst also constituting …