Doxorubicin (DOX) constitutes the major constituent of anti-cancer treatment regimens
currently in clinical use. However, the precise mechanisms of DOX's action are not fully …

In vertebrate cells, the DNA damage response is controlled by three related kinases: ATM,
ATR, and DNA-PK. It has been 20 years since the cloning of ATR, the last of the three to be …

Germline aberrations in critical DNA-repair and DNA damage–response (DDR) genes
cause cancer predisposition, whereas various tumors harbor somatic mutations causing …

Replication stress is a complex phenomenon that has serious implications for genome
stability, cell survival and human disease. Generation of aberrant replication fork structures …

The cell cycle checkpoint proteins ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated-and-Rad3-related kinase
(ATR) and its major downstream effector checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) prevent the entry of …

The repair of DNA damage is a complex process that relies on particular pathways to
remedy specific types of damage to DNA. The range of insults to DNA includes small …

Activation of the ATR kinase following perturbations to DNA replication relies on a complex
mechanism involving ATR recruitment to RPA-coated single-stranded DNA via its binding …

TP53 and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) defects are associated with genomic
instability, clonal evolution, and chemoresistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) …

Activation of a telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) is permissive for replicative
immortality and a hallmark of human cancer. While most cancers rely on reactivation of …

The human ATR gene encodes a kinase that is activated by DNA damage and replication
stress as a central transducer of a checkpoint signaling pathway. Once activated, ATR …