Women have stronger immune responses to infections and vaccination than men.
Paradoxically, the stronger immune response comes at a steep price, which is the high …

Estrogen plays a fundamental role in skeletal growth and bone homeostasis in both men
and women. Although remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of how …

Due to the female predominance of autoimmune diseases, the role of gender and sex
hormones in the immune system is of long-term interest. Estrogen's primary effects are …

It has long been appreciated that most autoimmune disorders are characterized by
increased prevalence in females, suggesting a potential role for sex hormones in the …

Breast cancer is characterized by cellular and molecular heterogeneity. Several molecular
events are involved in controlling malignant cell processes. In this sense, there is an …

The link between estrogen and the development and proliferation of breast cancer is well
documented. Estrogen stimulates growth and inhibits apoptosis through estrogen receptor …

Use of soy-based infant formulas and soy/isoflavone supplements has aroused concern
because of potential estrogenic effects of the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein. Here …

The mechanisms by which prolonged estrogen exposures, such as estrogen therapy and
pregnancy, reduce thymus weight, cellularity, and CD4 and CD8 phenotype expression …

More than a decade has passed since the publication of the first report implicating T cells in
the bone loss induced by ovariectomy (ovx).(1) Since then there has been extraordinary …

T cells and B cells produce large amounts of cytokines which regulate bone resorption and
bone formation. These factors play a critical role in the regulation of bone turnover in health …