Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Interferons (IFNs) are the hallmark of the vertebrate antiviral system. Two of the three IFN
families identified in higher vertebrates are now known to be important for antiviral defence …

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of the host defense after pathogen invasion. Viruses
trigger the expression of interferons (IFNs). These master antiviral cytokines induce in turn a …

Global fish production from aquaculture has rapidly grown over the past decades, and grass
carp shares the largest portion. However, hemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp …

Interferon (IFN) response is the first line of host defense against virus infection. The recent
years have witnessed tremendous progress in understanding of fish IFN antiviral response …

Interferons (IFN s) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two
types of IFN s, ie type I and type II IFN s have been reported in a range of fish species in …

Abstract Background Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), which can be identified based on a
unique helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain (DBD) are a large family of transcription factors …

In mammals, IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3 is a critical player in modulating transcription of
type I IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In this study, we describe the roles of crucian …

Fish type I IFNs are classified into two groups with two (group I) or four (group II) cysteines in
the mature peptide and can be further divided into four subgroups, termed IFN-a,-b,-c, and-d …

Teleost fish represent a transition point on the phylogenetic spectrum between invertebrates
that depend only on innate immunity and mammals that heavily depend on adaptive …