The brain is vulnerable to excessive oxidative insults because of its abundant lipid content,
high energy requirements, and weak antioxidant capacity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Glutamate is one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters released by excitatory neurons in
the central nervous system (CNS); however, residual glutamate in the extracellular space is …

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated
guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical …

The human brain consumes 20% of the total basal oxygen (O 2) budget to support ATP
intensive neuronal activity. Without sufficient O 2 to support ATP demands, neuronal activity …

Excitotoxicity is a phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory
neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate, where the exacerbated or prolonged activation of …

Plants are exposed to diverse abiotic stresses like drought, heat, salinity, and high-metal
concentrations at different stages of their life cycle. As protection against stress, plants …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Even though the
number of AD patients is rapidly growing, there is no effective treatment for this …

Abstract NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) play a central role in excitotoxic
neuronal death caused by ischemic stroke, but NMDAR channel blockers have failed to be …

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the 10 smallest molecules found in nature. It is a simple gaseous
free radical whose predominant functions is that of a messenger through cGMP. In …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …