Innate immunity against pathogens relies on an array of immune receptors to detect
molecular patterns that are characteristic of the pathogens, including receptors that are …

All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self
and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity …

Nucleic acids are used in many therapeutic modalities, including gene therapy, but their
ability to trigger host immune responses in vivo can lead to decreased safety and efficacy. In …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells
that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) …

Organisms throughout biology need to maintain the integrity of their genome. From bacteria
to vertebrates, life has established sophisticated mechanisms to detect and eliminate foreign …

In the decade since the discovery that mouse B cells respond to certain unmethylated CpG
dinucleotides in bacterial DNA, a specific receptor for these'CpG motifs' has been identified …

Unmethylated CpG motifs are prevalent in bacterial but not vertebrate genomic DNAs.
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs activate host defense mechanisms …

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 is critical for the recognition of immunostimulatory CpG motifs
but may cooperate with other TLRs. We analyzed TLR1–10 mRNA expression by using …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are ancient microbial pattern recognition receptors highly
conserved from Drosophila to humans. To investigate if subsets of human dendritic cell …

Immunomodulatory nucleic acids have extraordinary promise for treating disease, yet
clinical progress has been limited by a lack of tools to safely increase activity in patients …