Transdermal microneedle (MN) patches are a promising tool used to transport a wide variety
of active compounds into the skin. To serve as a substitute for common hypodermic needles …

The extremely high peak intensity associated with ultrashort pulse width of femtosecond
laser allows us to induce nonlinear interaction such as multiphoton absorption and tunneling …

Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is capable of fabricating 3D structures with dimensions
from sub-µm to a few hundred µm. As a direct laser writing (DLW) process, fabrication time of …

Mimicking the properties of the extracellular matrix is crucial for developing in vitro models of
the physiological microenvironment of living cells. Among other techniques, 3D direct laser …

Biomimicking biological niches of healthy tissues or tumors can be achieved by means of
artificial microenvironments, where structural and mechanical properties are crucial …

Two-photon lithography is a laser writing technique that can produce 3D microstructures
with resolutions below the diffraction limit. This review focuses on its applications to study …

High quality large scale fabrication of cellular scaffolds, with three-dimensional resolution
comparable to cell size, is an important task to enable regenerative medicine applications …

Medical microrobotics is an emerging field to revolutionize clinical applications in
diagnostics and therapeutics of various diseases. On the other hand, the mobile …

Two-photon lithography (TPL) is a representative fabrication process for micro 3D structures
with a sub-micron fabrication resolution. As the TPL process is developed and …

Mechanical stimuli from the extracellular environment affect cell morphology and
functionality. Recently, we reported that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) grown in a custom …