Background Globally, diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal
disease. As the most common microvascular complication of diabetes, DKD is a thorny …

Schematic illustration of major signaling pathways of insulin action. The phosphorylated
insulin receptor binds and phosphorylates IRS proteins and Shc, which bind differentially to …

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by abnormalities of insulin action in muscle, adipose tissue,
and liver and by altered β-cell function. To analyze the role of the insulin signaling pathway …

Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) molecules are key mediators in insulin signaling and play a
central role in maintaining basic cellular functions such as growth, survival, and metabolism …

The rapid increase of diabetes prevalence in the US population and across all westernized
world has been associated with environmental changes that promote obesity. Although …

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by muscle insulin resistance. Nondiabetic first-degree
relatives of type 2 diabetic patients have also been reported to have insulin resistance. A …

Insulin receptor substrates-1 (IRS-1) is the major cytoplasmic substrate of the insulin and IGF-
1 receptors. Recent studies have identified multiple sequence variants of IRS-1, especially …

▪ Abstract Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the etiology of non-insulin-
dependent diabetes. The genetic component is heterogeneous and in some patients is …

Insulin receptor substrate–1 (IRS-1) is pivotal in mediating the actions of insulin and growth
factors in most tissues of the body, but its role in insulin-producing β islet cells is unclear …

Since the first edition of this highly acclaimed text was published in 1992, much new
knowledge has been gained about the role of genetic factors in common adult diseases, and …