Background Many eukaryote cells produce membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs)
to establish cell-to-cell communication. Plant-derived EVs (P-EVs) contain proteins, RNAs …

Periodontitis is an infectious oral disease, which leads to the destruction of periodontal
tissues and tooth loss. Although the treatment of periodontitis has improved recently, the …

Spray‐induced gene silencing (SIGS) is an innovative and eco‐friendly technology where
topical application of pathogen gene‐targeting RNAs to plant material can enable disease …

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles, ranging in size from 30–150nm, which can be
derived from various types of cells. In recent years, mammalian-derived exosomes have …

Cross-kingdom small RNA trafficking between hosts and microbes modulates gene
expression in the interacting partners during infection. However, whether other RNAs are …

The establishment of host–microbe interactions requires molecular communication between
both partners, which may involve the mutual transfer of noncoding small RNAs. Previous …

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction between fungi and most
land plants that is underpinned by a bidirectional exchange of nutrients. AM development is …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a
chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation. However, currently available …

Filamentous pathogens that cause plant diseases such as powdery mildew, rust,
anthracnose, and late blight continue to represent an enormous challenge for farmers …

Since it has been reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry cargo using cell-to-cell
comminication according to various in vivo situations, they are exprected to be applied as …