Roughly one quarter of all genes code for integral membrane proteins that are inserted into
the plasma membrane of prokaryotes or the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of …

The timely production of functional proteins is of critical importance for the biological activity
of cells. To reach the functional state, newly synthesized polypeptides have to become …

Insertion of proteins into membranes is an essential cellular process. The extensive
biophysical and topological diversity of membrane proteins necessitates multiple insertion …

The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of nucleated human cells harbors the
protein translocon, which facilitates membrane integration or translocation of almost every …

The evolutionary emergence of organelles was a defining process in diversifying
biochemical reactions within the cell and enabling multicellularity. However …

Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes and imported into
mitochondria in a post-translational reaction. Mitochondrial precursor proteins which use the …

The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex is a major site for the biogenesis of transmembrane
proteins (TMPs), accepting nascent TMP precursors that are targeted to the endoplasmic …

The endoplasmic reticulum represents the gateway to the secretory pathway. Here, proteins
destined for secretion, as well as soluble and membrane proteins that reside in the …

Due to their topology tail-anchored (TA) proteins must target to the membrane independently
of the co-translational route defined by the signal sequence recognition particle (SRP), its …

The large abundance of small open reading frames (smORFs) in prokaryotic and eukaryotic
genomes and the plethora of smORF‐encoded small proteins became only apparent with …