Various body sites of vertebrates provide stable and nutrient-rich ecosystems for a diverse
range of commensal, opportunistic, and pathogenic microorganisms to thrive. The collective …

Fatty liver (ie, hepatic lipidosis) is a major metabolic disorder of many dairy cows in early
lactation and is associated with decreased health status and reproductive performance. In …

Intramammary infections of dairy cows with Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus
aureus (major cause of mastitis) have received a lot of attention because of their major …

Understanding the immune defenses of the mammary gland is instrumental in devising and
developing measures to control mastitis, the major illness of dairy ruminants. Innate …

Migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMN) into the mammary gland
provide the first line of defense against invading mastitis pathogens. Bacteria release potent …

Mastitis (mammary gland inflammation) is one of the most important bovine diseases
causing economic losses to dairy producers. Mammary gland inflammation is a …

The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for bovine intramammary infection (IMI)
associated with the most common bacterial species in Finland. Large databases of the …

Severe mastitis can lead to considerable disturbances in the cows' general condition and
even to septicemia and death. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify factors …

Subclinical mastitis caused by intramammary infections (IMI) with coagulase-negative
staphylococci (CNS) is common in dairy cows and may cause herd problems. Control of …

Neutrophils are the first line of immunity against most pathogens that infect cattle. These
normally short-lived white blood cells develop from myeloid-lineage cells in bone marrow …