Infectious diseases caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
are ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide by the World Health …

Pathogen-and damage-associated molecular patterns are sensed by the immune system's
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon contact with a microbe or damaged tissue. In …

Amorphous silica particles, such as nanoparticles (< 100 nm diameter particles), are used in
a wide variety of products, including pharmaceuticals, paints, cosmetics, and food …

Birds have a smaller repertoire of immune genes than mammals. In our efforts to study
antiviral responses to influenza in avian hosts, we have noted key genes that appear to be …

Early recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is crucial for bacterial
clearance. Many pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like (TLRs) and (NOD) …

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major cell wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, is associated
with various inflammatory diseases ranging from minor skin diseases to severe sepsis. It is …

The inhalation of silica dust is associated with fibrosis and lung cancer, which are triggered
by macrophage inflammatory responses; however, how macrophages recognize silica …

The motheaten mouse was first described in 1975 as a model of systemic inflammation and
autoimmunity, as a result of immune system dysregulation. The phenotype was later …

Human leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILR) are a family of 11 innate
immunomodulatory receptors, primarily expressed on lymphoid and myeloid cells. LILRs are …

Neutrophils have a crucial role in defense against microbes. Immune receptors allow
neutrophils to sense their environment, with many receptors functioning to recognize signs …