Diabetes mellitus has profound effects on multiple organ systems; however, the loss of
vision caused by diabetic retinopathy might be one of the most impactful in a patient's life …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) causes significant visual loss on a global scale. Treatments for the
vision-threatening complications of diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic …

Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequently occurring complication of diabetes mellitus and
remains a leading cause of vision loss globally. Its aetiology and pathology have been …

Astrocytic endfeet cover the entire cerebral vasculature and serve as exchange sites for
ions, metabolites and energy substrates from the blood to the brain. They maintain …

Müller cells, the major type of glial cells in the retina, are responsible for the homeostatic and
metabolic support of retinal neurons. By mediating transcellular ion, water, and bicarbonate …

Neuronal activity results in increased blood flow in the brain, a response named functional
hyperemia. Astrocytes play an important role in mediating this response. Neurotransmitters …

We review the cellular and physiological mechanisms responsible for the regulation of blood
flow in the retina and choroid in health and disease. Due to the intrinsic light sensitivity of the …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the common complications of diabetes, is the leading
cause of visual loss in working-age individuals in many industrialized countries. It has been …

Diabetic macular ischaemia (DMI) is traditionally defined and graded based on the
angiographic evidence of an enlarged and irregular foveal avascular zone. However, these …