Chloroplasts play a crucial role in sustaining life on earth. The availability of over 800
sequenced chloroplast genomes from a variety of land plants has enhanced our …

Indirect calorimetry (IC) is considered as the gold standard to determine energy expenditure,
by measuring pulmonary gas exchanges. It is a non-invasive technique that allows clinicians …

The metabolic response to stress is part of the adaptive response to survive critical illness.
Several mechanisms are well preserved during evolution, including the stimulation of the …

Sepsis is defined as “life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host
response to infection”. Contrary to the older definitions, the current one not only focuses on …

Critical illness is a hypercatabolic state. It has been hypothesized that timely and adequate
nutrition support may optimize the host response and thereby minimize nutritionally related …

Immediate and early trauma deaths are determined by primary brain injuries, or significant
blood loss (haemorrhagic shock), while late mortality is caused by secondary brain injuries …

Muscle wasting is associated with a wide range of catabolic diseases. This debilitating loss
of muscle mass and functional capacity reduces the quality of life and increases the risks of …

Perturbations to the well-being of tissues in plants and invertebrates generate fragments of
endogenous molecules that are recognized by innate immune receptors. Vertebrates have …

Increased incidence of several economically important diseases (ie mastitis, metritis,
displaced abomasum and ketosis) causes significant animal welfare problems and …

Background: Widely varying recommendations have been published with regard to the
appropriate amount of protein or amino acids to provide in critical illness. Objective: We …