Physical activity decreases the risk of a network of diseases, and exercise may be
prescribed as medicine for lifestyle-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes, dementia …

This review aims to briefly discuss a short list of a broad variety of inflammatory cytokines.
Numerous studies have implicated that inflammatory cytokines exert important effects with …

Abstract In 1973, IL-6 was identified as a soluble factor that is secreted by T cells and is
important for antibody production by B cells. Since its discovery more than 40 years ago, the …

Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate multiple complex physiological processes in humans.
Abnormal ER signaling may result in various disorders, including reproductive system …

The diverse biological activity of interleukin-6 (IL-6) contributes to the maintenance of
homeostasis. Emergent infection or tissue injury induces rapid production of IL-6 and …

Interleukin 6 (IL-6), promptly and transiently produced in response to infections and tissue
injuries, contributes to host defense through the stimulation of acute phase responses …

Bone and skeletal muscle are integrated organs and their coupling has been considered
mainly a mechanical one in which bone serves as attachment site to muscle while muscle …

The immune system is strongly linked to the maintenance of healthy bone. Inflammatory
cytokines, specifically, are crucial to skeletal homeostasis and any dysregulation can result …

Osteoimmunology is a new subject which focuses on the communication between the
immune and the skeletal systems. Both the immune system and bone communicate with …

Mouse models with cell-specific deletion of the estrogen receptor (ER) α, the androgen
receptor (AR) or the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), as well as …