Microglial research has advanced considerably in recent decades yet has been constrained
by a rolling series of dichotomies such as" resting versus activated" and" M1 versus M2." …

Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological integrity, leading to
impaired functional ability and ultimately increased susceptibility to death. It is a major risk …

Low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of old age and a central driver of ageing-associated
impairment and disease. Multiple factors can contribute to ageing-associated inflammation; …

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease, estimated
to contribute 60–70% of all cases of dementia worldwide. According to the prevailing …

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the
first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris …

Contemporary studies have completely changed the view of brain immunity from envisioning
the brain as isolated and inaccessible to peripheral immune cells to an organ in close …

Aging induces molecular, cellular and functional changes in the adult brain that drive
cognitive decline and increase vulnerability to dementia-related neurodegenerative …

The immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) consists primarily of innate
immune cells. These are highly specialized macrophages found either in the parenchyma …

Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a
fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which …

Inflammatory processes and microglia activation accompany most of the pathophysiological
diseases in the central nervous system. It is proven that glial pathology precedes and even …