Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic and heterogeneous autoimmune disease with
symmetrical polyarthritis as its critical clinical manifestation. The basic cause of autoimmune …

Psoriasis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, affecting 3% of the
world's population, and approximately one-third of patients with psoriasis will eventually …

Autoimmune diseases are caused when immune cells act against self-protein. This
biological self–non-self-discrimination phenomenon is controlled by a distinct group of …

TNF (tumor necrosis factor) is both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine that is
central to the development of autoimmune disease, cancer, and protection against infectious …

CD28 and CTLA-4 are both important stimulatory receptors for the regulation of T cell
activation. Because receptors share common ligands, B7. 1 and B7. 2, the expression and …

This review focuses on the biology of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells and
their role in inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Th17 cells represent a pro …

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterised by arthritis
of unknown origin with onset before age of 16 years. Pivotal studies in the past 5 years have …

Autoimmune diseases, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or Rheumatoid
Arthritis (RA) are characterized by the breakdown of immunological tolerance. Defects of …

A lack of regulatory T (TReg) cells that express CD4, CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)
results in severe autoimmunity in both mice and humans. Since the discovery of TReg cells …

Immune homeostasis is heavily dependent on the action of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which
act to suppress the activation of many immune cell types including autoreactive conventional …