The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has long been considered an interface between the
basal ganglia and motor systems, and its ability to regulate arousal states puts the PPN in a …

The interest in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg), a structure located in the
brainstem at the level of the pontomesencephalic junction, has greatly increased in recent …

Coordinated skills such as speech or dance involve sequences of actions that follow
syntactic rules in which transitions between elements depend on the identities and order of …

Cognitive flexibility enables effective switching between mental processes to generate
appropriate responses. Cholinergic neurons (CNs) within the pedunculopontine nucleus …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a reticular nucleus located in the mesencephalic
and upper pontine tegmentum. Initially, characterized by its predominant cholinergic …

Background: The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) maintains a bidirectional connectivity
with the basal ganglia that supports their shared roles in the selection and execution of …

Adaptive action selection during stimulus categorization is an important feature of flexible
behavior. To examine neural mechanism underlying this process, we trained mice to …

Brains are not engineered solutions to a well-defined problem but arose through selective
pressure acting on random variation. It is therefore unclear how well a model chosen by an …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a rostral brainstem structure that has extensive
connections with basal ganglia nuclei and the thalamus. Through these the PPN contributes …

Introduction The connections of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) with motor areas of the
central nervous system (CNS) are well described in the literature, in contrast relations with …