The T‐cell response is central in the adaptive immune‐mediated elimination of pathogen‐
infected and/or cancer cells. This activated T‐cell response can inflict an overwhelming …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are fundamental post-transcriptional modulators of several critical
cellular processes, a number of which are involved in host defense mechanisms. In …

The hall mark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a gradual loss of CD4+ T-
cells and imbalance in CD4+ T-cell homeostasis, with progressive impairment of immunity …

HIV infection induces phenotypic and functional changes to CD8+ T cells defined by the
coordinated upregulation of a series of negative checkpoint receptors that eventually result …

HIV persists in a reservoir of latently infected CD4+ T cells in individuals treated with highly
active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Here we identify central memory (TCM) and …

T cells mediate effector functions through a variety of mechanisms. Recently, multiparameter
flow cytometry has allowed a simultaneous assessment of the phenotype and multiple …

The engagement of programmed death 1 (PD-1) to its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2,,,, inhibits
proliferation and cytokine production mediated by antibodies to CD3 (refs.,,). Blocking the …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is generally characterized by inefficient viral
transmission; an acute phase of intense viral replication and dissemination to lymphoid …

CD4+ T cells have a crucial role in mediating protection against a variety of pathogens
through production of specific cytokines. However, substantial heterogeneity in CD4+ T-cell …

Viral replication and microbial translocation from the gut to the blood during HIV infection
lead to hyperimmune activation, which contributes to the decline in CD4+ T cell numbers …