▪ Abstract Early development of the vertebrate skeleton depends on genes that pattern the
distribution and proliferation of cells from cranial neural crest, sclerotomes, and lateral plate …

Craniofacial anomalies, and in particular cleft lip and palate, are major human birth defects
with a worldwide frequency of 1 in 700 and substantial clinical impact. A wide range of …

During vertebrate craniofacial development, neural crest cells (NCCs) contribute much of the
cartilage, bone and connective tissue that make up the developing head. Although the initial …

Natural populations subjected to strong environmental selection pressures offer a window
into the genetic underpinnings of evolutionary change. Cavefish populations, Astyanax …

Craniofacial malformations are involved in three fourths of all congenital birth defects in
humans, affecting the development of head, face, or neck. Tremendous progress in the study …

Animals have evolved inducible enzymatic defenses to facilitate the biotransformation and
elimination of toxic compounds encountered in the environment. The sensory component of …

BMP signaling plays an important role in dentin development. BMPs and antagonists
regulate odontoblast differentiation and downstream gene expression via canonical Smad …

Recent evidence suggests that projection neurons and interneurons of the cerebral cortex
are generally derived from distinct proliferative zones. Cortical projection neurons originate …

Dental agenesis is the most common developmental anomaly in humans and is frequently
associated with several other oral abnormalities. Whereas the incidence of missing teeth …

Distal-less is the earliest known gene specifically expressed in developing insect limbs; its
expression is maintained throughout limb development. The homeodomain transcription …