A major shift is happening within neurophysiology: a population doctrine is drawing level
with the single-neuron doctrine that has long dominated the field. Population-level ideas …

Highlights•Preparatory activity is a neural correlate of motor planning.•Multiple brain areas
cooperate to maintain preparatory activity.•Preparatory activity sets network activity to an …

Short-term memories link events separated in time, such as past sensation and future
actions. Short-term memories are correlated with slow neural dynamics, including selective …

Neural activity maintains representations that bridge past and future events, often over many
seconds. Network models can produce persistent and ramping activity, but the positive …

Mapping specific sensory features to future motor actions is a crucial capability of
mammalian nervous systems. We investigated the role of visual (V1), posterior parietal …

A marked bias towards risk aversion has been observed in nearly every species tested,,,. A
minority of individuals, however, instead seem to prefer risk (repeatedly choosing uncertain …

In rodents, the medial aspect of the secondary motor cortex (M2) is known by other names,
including medial agranular cortex (AGm), medial precentral cortex (PrCm), and frontal …

The brain plans and executes volitional movements. The underlying patterns of neural
population activity have been explored in the context of movements of the eyes, limbs …

In motor neocortex, preparatory activity predictive of specific movements is maintained by a
positive feedback loop with the thalamus. Motor thalamus receives excitatory input from the …

Flexibly selecting appropriate actions in response to complex, ever-changing environments
requires both cortical and subcortical regions, which are typically described as participating …