Abstract Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory receptor that is highly
expressed by exhausted T cells. LAG-3 is a promising immunotherapeutic target, with more …

Immunotherapy, with an increasing number of therapeutic dimensions, is becoming an
important mode of treatment for cancer patients. The inhibition of immune checkpoints …

Despite the impressive impact of CTLA 4 and PD 1‐PDL 1‐targeted cancer immunotherapy,
a large proportion of patients with many tumor types fail to respond. Consequently, the focus …

Cancer immunotherapy and tumor microenvironment have been at the forefront of research
over the past decades. Targeting immune checkpoints especially programmed death 1 (PD …

Immunotherapy has recently become widely used in lung cancer. Many oncologists are
focused on cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4), programmed cell death ligand‐1 …

The rate at which HIV-1 infected individuals progress to AIDS is highly variable and
impacted by T cell immunity. CD8 T cell inhibitory molecules are up-regulated in HIV-1 …

The inhibitory regulators, known as immune checkpoints, prevent overreaction of the
immune system, avoid normal tissue damage, and maintain immune homeostasis during the …

Interferon (IFN)-γ is the uppermost cytokine implicated in anti-tumor immunity. With its
cytostatic, pro-apoptotic and immune-provoking effects, IFN-γ plays a central role in the …

Simple Summary Immune checkpoint therapies are treatments used to fight cancers by
reactivating a patient's own immune system. Melanoma was the first cancer to benefit from …

The development of cancer and chronic infections is facilitated by many subversion
mechanisms, among which enhanced expression of immune checkpoints molecules, such …