Background Chronic and/or extreme stress in early life, often referred to as early adversity,
childhood trauma, or early life stress, has been associated with a wide range of adverse …

Adolescence is a period of dynamic change across multiple systems. Concurrent maturation
of neural, biological, and psychosocial functioning renders adolescence a time of …

Discovering the processes through which early adverse experiences affect children's
nervous-system development, health, and behavior is critically important for developing …

A growing literature has shown associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and
neural properties (such as brain structure and function). In this review, we aimed to …

Adversity early in life is common and is a major risk factor for the onset of psychopathology.
Delineating the neurodevelopmental pathways by which early adversity affects mental …

Background Neighborhood disadvantage has consistently been associated with mental
health and cognitive function, in addition to alterations in brain function and connectivity …

From birth, interactions with others are an integral part of a person's daily life. In infancy,
social exchanges are thought to be critical for optimal brain development. This systematic …

Early socioeconomic status (SES) has consistently been associated with child health and
cognitive outcomes, in addition to alterations in brain function and connectivity. The goal of …

Importance Few data are available to inform the associations and timing of the associations
between adversity, caregiver support, and brain outcomes. Consideration of timing has …

In a previous Perspectives article, we described conceptual problems that pose challenges
for research on the effects of childhood adversity and offered promising directions for future …